Background: Breastfeeding after caesarean section is often delayed due to post-operative pain, limited mobility, and reduced mother infant contact. In addition to clinical factors, social norms especially support from husbands, family members, and healthcare providers can influence breastfeeding practices. This study examined the association between social norms and breastfeeding practices during the first three postpartum days among post-caesarean mothers in East Java, Indonesia. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study was conducted from July to October 2024 at a hospital in East Java. a total of 296 post-caesarean mothers were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews and medical record reviews. Social norms were assessed using a Subjective Norm Scale adapted from the Theory of Planned Behavior, measuring perceived support from husbands, family members, and healthcare providers. Breastfeeding practices were evaluated daily from day 1 to day 3 postpartum using a composite Breastfeeding Practice Index based on WHO indicators. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics. associations were analyzed using Chi-square tests, while changes across postpartum days were assessed using Cochran’s Q test, Friedman test, and post-hoc analyses. Results: high support was reported from husbands (68.2%), family members (62.8%), and healthcare providers (72.3%), while 66.9% of mothers had positive subjective norms. breastfeeding practices improved significantly from day 1 to day 3, with good practices increasing from 60.1% to 64.9% (Friedman test, p = 0.001). all individual breastfeeding indicators improved significantly (Cochran’s Q test, p < 0.05). social norms were significantly associated with breastfeeding practices; mothers receiving high support from husbands, family, and healthcare providers were more likely to practice good breastfeeding (p < 0.01). subjective norm scores were highest among mothers with good breastfeeding practices (p < 0.001).conclusion: early breastfeeding practices among post-caesarean mothers improve over time and are strongly influenced by social norms. strengthening support from husbands, family, and healthcare providers is essential to promote optimal breastfeeding after caesarean delivery.

The human body is a highly complex structure, and the presence of disorders further complicates its understanding. Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the issues that affect approximately 40% of the global population. In cases of intestinal disorders, diagnosis can sometimes be challenging, thereby necessitating the use of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) for accurate internal observation. Different algorithms have boosted the use of AI and DL for medical imaging. In our research, we propose a DL-based algorithm for the identification and classification of GI tract issues from endoscopic images. The CNN is the base architecture with the highest accuracy rate for medical imaging. The system combines multiple layers into the algorithm using various image pre-processing techniques to enhance the accuracy rate. The algorithm is applied to eight different classes of intestinal diseases and achieves an accuracy of more than 90% for each class. Early detection is a blessing to the patient to giving them time to recover. We aim to narrate the potential of AI, DL techniques for endoscopic investigations and try to provide insights for future research directions through this paper.

Depression secondary to complex trauma presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Complex trauma, resulting from repeated interpersonal adversities, disrupts emotional regulation and identity development, often leading to alexithymia and chronic mood disturbances. This case report describes a 37-year-old male with a severe depressive episode following prolonged psychosocial stress and unresolved trauma. The patient demonstrated significant improvement through combined pharmacotherapy and individualized cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy. The case underscores the importance of trauma-informed approaches in the management of depression resistant to conventional treatment.

Consultants play a pivotal role in public construction procurement by providing technical, managerial and advisory services that shape project outcomes. Despite their importance, procurement inefficiencies persist in Nigeria, raising concerns about the effectiveness of consultancy services, particularly in Abuja where federal construction activities are concentrated. This study examines the extent to which consultants impact the procurement of public construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria. A mixed-methods research design adopting a convergent parallel approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 391 public construction stakeholders, while qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted 8 professionals. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, including the Kruskal–Wallis test, were used to analyze quantitative data, complemented by thematic analysis of qualitative responses. The findings indicate that consultants exert the greatest influence during project implementation (Mean = 4.12), contract execution (Mean = 4.09) and stakeholder engagement (Mean = 4.04). Moderate influence was observed in risk management (Mean = 3.89), quality assurance (Mean = 3.87) and environmental and social impact assessment (Mean = 3.83), while minimal influence was recorded in early-stage procurement activities such as advertisement (Mean = 2.49), approval (Mean = 2.86) and contract award (Mean = 2.93). Hypothesis testing revealed no statistically significant variation in stakeholder perceptions of consultant impact across procurement stages (H = 6.637, p = .156), indicating broad consensus among stakeholder groups. Qualitative findings further demonstrate that consultants contribute substantially to cost control, time management, quality assurance and regulatory compliance, although their technical recommendations are sometimes constrained by administrative and political factors. The study concludes that consultants significantly influence public construction procurement outcomes in Abuja, particularly during implementation and contract administration phases. It recommends enhanced early-stage consultant involvement and the development of a standardized performance evaluation framework aligned with Nigeria’s public procurement system to strengthen accountability, value for money and project delivery outcomes.

Background: Over the years, sport development has progressed rapidly in various climes, with attribution of this growth being accorded to proper management practices. Management practices encompass a range of activities and strategies employed to achieve organizational goals efficiently. However, the researcher observed that the rate of sports development in Kwara State is relatively below expectations due to a gross inadequacy in areas of funding, personnel, equipment, facilities as well as inappropriate training, which may be attributed to poor management practices. Aims and Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the perceived influence of management practices on sport development in the Kwara State Sports Commission. Methodology: Descriptive survey research design was employed for this study. The population of the study comprised all 140 Kwara Sports Commission stakeholders. 100 respondents were chosen using the random sampling technique. A researcher-structured questionnaire was employed for this study, with a reliability coefficient of 0.73 obtained using the test-retest method of reliability. Collected data was analyzed using inferential statistics of chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. Results: The findings revealed that management practices (funding, personnel, facilities and equipment) have a significant influence on sports development. Conclusion: Based on these premises, it was concluded that the variables altogether, play a distinct role in sport development. The study therefore recommends that funding for grassroots sports programmes should be increased to enhance overall sport participation and development. Furthermore, investment should be made into areas of coach development programmes to enhance their skills and knowledge.