Unravelling the Enzymatic Mechanisms Underlying Phthalate Exposure: Implications for Human and Animal Health Risk Assessment
Sanjib Kumar Mohanty, Yashaswi NayakPhthalates, ubiquitous in the environment due to their extensive use in consumer products, pose significant health risks to both humans and animals. Exposure to phthalates occurs through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Once absorbed, phthalates undergo biotransformation in the body, primarily through hydrolysis and oxidation pathways, leading to the formation of metabolites with varying toxicological properties. Metabolism plays a crucial role in modulating the bioavailability and toxicity of phthalates, influencing their distribution, accumulation, and elimination kinetics within biological systems. Phthalates exert their adverse effects through multiple mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications. As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), phthalates interfere with hormone signaling pathways, disrupting normal physiological processes such as reproductive function, development, and metabolism. Furthermore, phthalate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to tissue damage and promote the onset and progression of various diseases. Risk assessment of phthalate exposure involves evaluating the potential hazards associated with specific phthalate compounds, considering factors such as potency, exposure levels, and susceptibility of the exposed population. Epidemiological studies have provided valuable insights into the health effects of phthalates in humans, while experimental animal models have elucidated underlying mechanisms and dose-response relationships. The objectives of my study are to comprehensively review the current literature on phthalates, focusing on their sources, exposure pathways, health effects, and regulatory measures. By synthesizing existing research findings, the review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the potential risks posed by phthalates to human health and the environment.