Biological importance of the gut microbiome is evident from the early stages of life the human gut microbiota develops after birth and contributes to the development of the immune system in newborns. The gut microbiome gradually reaches an adult-like configuration by the age of 3–6 years old and remains stable throughout adulthood. The food we consume has a profound and multifaceted impact on our neurotransmitter systems. By supporting a healthy gut microbiome, our diet can be a powerful tool for modulating our mood, cognitive function and overall mental well-being. Gut Microbiota functions in digestion of complex carbohydrates and fiber, production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, propionate, synthesis of vitamins K and B, modulation of immune responses and communication with the brain via the gut–brain axis. Bacteria use neurotransmitters to communicate with the central nervous system and release molecules into the bloodstream that regulate physiological processes in the intestinal wall. Neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate are essential transductors in the Gut-Brain Axis. The composition of the gut microbiota is shaped by diverse factors including age, genetics, dietary habits, environmental exposures, psychological stress, infections, concurrent medical conditions, antibiotic use and lifestyle influences such as smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, sleep, and exercise. Stress triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing cortisol, alter gut motility, permeability and microbial balance. Stress leads to reduced diversity of beneficial bacteria, overgrowth of pro-inflammatory microbes, increased gut permeability and negative impact on serotonin production. Targeting the gut microbiome represents a promising approach for managing mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, Autism and generalized anxiety disorders. Microbiome-based therapeutic interventions including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplant and dietary interventions have become potential strategies. World Health Organization advises a total of 4 mg/kg of tryptophan is achieved daily. The unique alkaloid neferine derived from the seed of lotus plant has therapeutic effects. Lactobacillus may be the gut microbial target of neferine in alleviating depression. Aerobic exercise is hypothesized to have beneficial effect on the gut microbiome, as it promotes a diverse microbiome with increased levels of beneficial Firmicutes and reduced amounts of  Bacteroides compared to sedentary individuals, whereas excessive endurance exercise in athletes can cause dysbiosis. Ancient Tamil literatures describe ideas of probiotic foods, herbs, lifestyle that map onto the modern concepts of the gut–brain connection. They repeatedly link digestion, diet, bodily balance and mental state, a conceptual precursor to today’s gut–microbiome ideas. The convergence of ancient observations like Kuruntokai and Akan?n?ru, Mukkuttram such as Vali, Azhal, Iyam,  Siddha and  Thirukkural with contemporary gut–brain science suggests a long-standing recognition in Tamil culture that nourishment is both a physiological and psychological determinant of human well-being. Contemporary science supports the gut–brain axis. Modern medical reviews describe mechanisms linking gut microbes, vagus nerve signalling, immune mediators and neurotransmitter production, the physiological framework that makes the ancient observations plausible today. Author shares for future directions by plotting milestones at developmental stages.