Clinical Supervision of Counsellors in Botswana: A Mixed Method Study of Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice
Tshidi M. Wyllie, K.O. MurainaPerceptions and attitudes are two concepts often used interchangeably and it is common for people to refer to a person’s attitude as perceptions to explain their behaviour. Attitudes may also be perceived as a complex construct as often it is a manifestation of a combination of attributes that include one’s personality, beliefs, values, behaviours and motivations. Pickens (2005, p.52) defines perceptions as “a mental or neural state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting a dynamic influence on the individual’s response to objects and situations to which it may be related”. Perceptions and attitudes play a significant role in human social behaviour.According to Pickens (2005), perceptions are related to attitudes and oftendifficult to differentiate. To establish the perceptions of counsellors towards clinical supervision (CS) in Botswana,two hundred and ten (210) counsellors and thirty-eight (38) supervisors were recruited to determine the level of access,theirknowledge of CS,attitudes, and CS practices. The study used the explanatory sequential research design;quantitative data was collected first and analysed to inform the qualitative data collection. The two data sets were merged through a meta-analysis to establish convergence and divergence. The total population sample was 248 practising counsellors of any gender drawn from 5 districts. More counsellors identified as females (79.3%),and (20.7%) as males; none indicated any other gender.The study revealed poor CS access, limited knowledge,limited training, and a lack of guiding principles. Surprisingly there were positive attitudes from both counsellors and supervisors and more convergence than divergence. The study recommends the development of a CS national framework, a review of the counsellor education curriculum,effective regulation and future researchto consider the use ofthe focus group method.